1. Verb to Be (Present)
O verb to be é um dos poucos verbos que exige conjugação dependendo da pessoa (sujeito). Ele é utilizado no presente para expressar identidade, características e estados temporários.
Construção: O verb to be no presente é conjugado da seguinte forma:
- am (para “I”)
- is (para “he”, “she” e “it”)
- are (para “you”, “we” e “they”)
Formas:
| Afirmativa | Negativa | Interrogativa |
|---|---|---|
| I am | I am not (I’m not) | Am I? |
| You are | You are not (you aren’t) | Are you? |
| He is | He is not (he isn’t) | Is he? |
| She is | She is not (she isn’t) | Is she? |
| It is | It is not (it isn’t) | Is it? |
| We are | We are not (we aren’t) | Are we? |
| You are | You are not (you aren’t) | Are you? |
| They are | They are not (they aren’t) | Are they? |
Exemplos de frases afirmativas:
- I am a teacher. (Eu sou um professor.)
- She is happy. (Ela está feliz.)
- They are from Brazil. (Eles são do Brasil.)
Frases negativas:
Para formar frases negativas com o verb to be, adicionamos not após o verbo. As formas contraídas também são muito comuns.
- I am not tired. (Eu não estou cansado.)
- He isn’t here today. (Ele não está aqui hoje.)
- We aren’t from here. (Nós não somos daqui.)
Frases interrogativas:
Na forma interrogativa, o verbo to be deve ser invertido com o sujeito.
- Are you ready? (Você está pronto?)
- Is she your sister? (Ela é sua irmã?)
- Are they coming to the party? (Eles vêm à festa?)
Palavras-chave (Signal words):
O verb to be é frequentemente usado com palavras que indicam estados permanentes ou temporários, como: always, never, here, there, now, today, at the moment.
- I am always tired on Mondays. (Eu estou sempre cansado às segundas-feiras.)
- She is here now. (Ela está aqui agora.)
2. Simple Present (Presente Simples)
O simple present é usado para expressar ações habituais, verdades universais ou situações permanentes. Esse tempo verbal é comum para falar sobre rotinas diárias, preferências e fatos gerais.
Construção: O simple present é formado pelo verbo principal na sua forma base (sem “to”). Em frases negativas e interrogativas, usamos o auxiliar do ou does (para he/she/it).
Formas:
| Afirmativa | Negativa | Interrogativa |
|---|---|---|
| I work | I do not work (I don’t work) | Do I work? |
| You work | You do not work (you don’t work) | Do you work? |
| He works | He does not work (he doesn’t work) | Does he work? |
| She works | She does not work (she doesn’t work) | Does she work? |
| It works | It does not work (it doesn’t work) | Does it work? |
| We work | We do not work (we don’t work) | Do we work? |
| You work | You do not work (you don’t work) | Do you work? |
| They work | They do not work (they don’t work) | Do they work? |
Exemplos de frases afirmativas:
- I work every day. (Eu trabalho todos os dias.)
- She plays the piano. (Ela toca piano.)
- They go to the gym after work. (Eles vão à academia depois do trabalho.)
Frases negativas:
Para frases negativas no simple present, usamos o verbo do ou does com not.
- I don’t like coffee. (Eu não gosto de café.)
- She doesn’t watch TV. (Ela não assiste TV.)
- They don’t live here. (Eles não moram aqui.)
Frases interrogativas:
Em perguntas, usamos do ou does antes do sujeito.
- Do you like pizza? (Você gosta de pizza?)
- Does he play football? (Ele joga futebol?)
- Do they study English? (Eles estudam inglês?)
Palavras-chave (Signal words):
O simple present é frequentemente associado a advérbios de frequência e outras expressões que indicam hábitos e rotinas, como: always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never, every day, on Mondays, in the morning.
- I always drink coffee in the morning. (Eu sempre bebo café de manhã.)
- She never eats vegetables. (Ela nunca come legumes.)
3. Present Continuous (Presente Contínuo)
O present continuous (ou progressive) é utilizado para descrever ações que estão ocorrendo neste momento ou para falar sobre planos futuros.
Construção: O present continuous é formado com o verbo to be conjugado no presente (am, is, are) + verbo principal no gerúndio (com a terminação -ing).
Formas:
| Afirmativa | Negativa | Interrogativa |
|---|---|---|
| I am working | I am not working (I’m not working) | Am I working? |
| You are working | You are not working (you aren’t working) | Are you working? |
| He is working | He is not working (he isn’t working) | Is he working? |
| She is working | She is not working (she isn’t working) | Is she working? |
| It is working | It is not working (it isn’t working) | Is it working? |
| We are working | We are not working (we aren’t working) | Are we working? |
| You are working | You are not working (you aren’t working) | Are you working? |
| They are working | They are not working (they aren’t working) | Are they working? |
Exemplos de frases afirmativas:
- I am reading a book now. (Estou lendo um livro agora.)
- She is watching TV. (Ela está assistindo TV.)
- They are playing football next Friday. (Eles estão jogando futebol na próxima sexta-feira.)
Frases negativas:
A forma negativa do present continuous é formada adicionando not após o verbo to be.
- I am not eating lunch. (Eu não estou almoçando.)
- He isn’t working today. (Ele não está trabalhando hoje.)
- We aren’t studying now. (Nós não estamos estudando agora.)
Frases interrogativas:
Para perguntas no present continuous, aplicamos a inversão do verbo to be com o sujeito.
- Are you coming to the party? (Você vai à festa?)
- Is he reading a book? (Ele está lendo um livro?)
- Are they playing video games? (Eles estão jogando videogame?)
Palavras-chave (Signal words):
O present continuous é geralmente usado com palavras que indicam ação no momento presente ou planos futuros, como: now, right now, at the moment, currently, today, this week, this year, soon, next (week, month, year, etc.)
- I am currently working on a project. (Eu estou atualmente trabalhando em um projeto.)
- She is seeing the doctor this afternoon. (Ela vai ao médico esta tarde.)
4. Present Perfect (Presente Perfeito)
O present perfect é utilizado para expressar ações que aconteceram em algum momento no passado, mas que têm relevância no presente ou que não foram especificadas quanto ao tempo exato. Ele também é usado para ações que começaram no passado e continuam até o presente.
Construção: O present perfect é formado com o auxiliar have ou has (dependendo do sujeito) + o verbo principal no passado particípio.
Formas:
| Afirmativa | Negativa | Interrogativa |
|---|---|---|
| I have worked | I have not worked (I haven’t worked) | Have I worked? |
| You have worked | You have not worked (you haven’t worked) | Have you worked? |
| He has worked | He has not worked (he hasn’t worked) | Has he worked? |
| She has worked | She has not worked (she hasn’t worked) | Has she worked? |
| It has worked | It has not worked (it hasn’t worked) | Has it worked? |
| We have worked | We have not worked (we haven’t worked) | Have we worked? |
| You have worked | You have not worked (you haven’t worked) | Have you worked? |
| They have worked | They have not worked (they haven’t worked) | Have they worked? |
Exemplos de frases afirmativas:
- I have finished my homework. (Eu terminei meu dever de casa.)
- She has traveled to many countries. (Ela viajou para muitos países.)
- They have lived in this city for ten years. (Eles moram nesta cidade há dez anos.)
Frases negativas:
Para frases negativas no present perfect, usamos have not (ou a forma contraída haven’t) ou has not (ou hasn’t para he/she/it).
- I haven’t seen that movie. (Eu não vi aquele filme.)
- He hasn’t called me yet. (Ele ainda não me ligou.)
- We haven’t visited that museum. (Nós não visitamos aquele museu.)
Frases interrogativas:
Para formar perguntas no present perfect, colocamos have ou has antes do sujeito.
- Have you finished your project? (Você terminou seu projeto?)
- Has she ever been to France? (Ela já esteve na França?)
- Have they studied for the exam? (Eles estudaram para o exame?)
Palavras-chave (Signal words):
O present perfect é frequentemente associado a palavras que indicam um tempo indefinido ou ações que têm ligação com o presente, como: ever, never, just, already, yet, recently, since, for, today.
- I have just eaten. (Eu acabei de comer.)
- She has never been to New York. (Ela nunca esteve em Nova York.)
5. Present Perfect Continuous (Presente Perfeito Contínuo)
O Present Perfect Continuous é utilizado para expressar ações que começaram no passado e continuam no presente, ou ações que aconteceram no passado e têm efeito ou relevância no presente. Diferente do Present Perfect, o Present Perfect Continuous enfatiza a duração ou o processo de uma ação.
Construção: O Present Perfect Continuous é formado com o verbo auxiliar have ou has (dependendo do sujeito) + been + o verbo principal no gerúndio (-ing).
Formas:
| Afirmativa | Negativa | Interrogativa |
|---|---|---|
| I have been working | I have not been working (I haven’t been working) | Have I been working? |
| You have been working | You have not been working (you haven’t been working) | Have you been working? |
| He has been working | He has not been working (he hasn’t been working) | Has he been working? |
| She has been working | She has not been working (she hasn’t been working) | Has she been working? |
| It has been working | It has not been working (it hasn’t been working) | Has it been working? |
| We have been working | We have not been working (we haven’t been working) | Have we been working? |
| You have been working | You have not been working (you haven’t been working) | Have you been working? |
| They have been working | They have not been working (they haven’t been working) | Have they been working? |
Exemplos de frases afirmativas:
- I have been studying for three hours. (Eu tenho estudado por três horas.)
- She has been working all day. (Ela tem trabalhado o dia todo.)
- They have been waiting for you. (Eles têm esperado por você.)
Frases negativas:
Para formar frases negativas no Present Perfect Continuous, adicionamos not após o verbo have ou has.
- I haven’t been sleeping well lately. (Eu não tenho dormido bem ultimamente.)
- He hasn’t been feeling good. (Ele não tem se sentido bem.)
- They haven’t been practicing enough. (Eles não têm praticado o suficiente.)
Frases interrogativas:
Em perguntas, colocamos have ou has antes do sujeito.
- Have you been working on the project? (Você tem trabalhado no projeto?)
- Has she been traveling a lot recently? (Ela tem viajado muito recentemente?)
- Have they been studying for the test? (Eles têm estudado para o teste?)
Palavras-chave (Signal words):
O Present Perfect Continuous é frequentemente usado com palavras que indicam ações que começaram no passado e continuam no presente ou têm efeitos no presente, como: for, since, lately, recently.
- I have been working here for two years. (Eu tenho trabalhado aqui por dois anos.)
- She has been feeling tired recently. (Ela tem se sentido cansada recentemente.)
All Present Tenses Quiz
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